| ALKALOIDS | Vinblastin (C46H58N4O9) | Inhibition of cellular proliferation by altering the dynamics of tubulin addition and loss at the ends of mitotic spindle microtubules. | CCRF-CEM CEM/VM-1 | [119] [130] [131] [132] |
Vincristine (C46H56N4O10) | |||||
Cryptolepine (C16H12N2) | |||||
SAPONINS | Saponin (C44H70O17) | Causes cytotoxicity and apoptosis in tumor cells. | Jurkat, HL 60 | [120] [133] | |
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES | Bufalin (C24H34O4) | Inhibition of topoisomerases I and II, Increased activation of MAPKs, Down regulation of cyclin A, Bcl-2 and BclxL, Increased expression of p21 and Bax. | HL60, U-937, CCRF-CEM, CEM-VM-1 | [125] [134] [135] | |
Oleandrin (C32H48O9) | |||||
Digitoxin (C41H64O13) | |||||
Proscillaridin A (C30H42O8) | |||||
Ouabain (C29H44O12) | |||||
Stomach | FLAVONOIDS | Sophoranone (C30H36O4) | Inhibition of cellular growth and induction of apoptosis. Inhibition, reversion or retardation of cellular hyperproliferation. | MKN7 cells | [136] |
SAPONINS | Saponins (C44H70O17) | Cytotoxic effects on tumor cells. | SGC-7901 | [137] | |
Colon Cancer | FLAVONOIDS | Flavone (C15H10O2) | Inhibition of cellular proliferation and cytotoxicity, Perturbations in cell cycle progression. Checkpoints at both G1/S and G2/M of the cell cycle. | Caco-2 and HT-29 | [138] [139] [140] |
Quercetin (C15H10O7) | |||||
Genistein (C15H10O5) | |||||
Anthocyanin (C15H11O+) | |||||
ALKALOIDS | Camptothecin (C20H16N2O4) | It involves binding topoisomerase I–DNA covalent complex, forming a ternary complex that gets stabilized and DNA is prevented from religation during replication, that leads to damage in DNA and apoptosis of the cancer cells as single-strand break converts into double-strand break | CaCo2, T84 | [141] [142] [143] [144] | |
Topotecan (C23H23N3O5) | |||||
Irinotecan (C33H38N4O6) | |||||
Arctigenin (C21H24O6) | |||||
SAPONINS | Saponins (C44H70O17) | Inhibits cell proliferation through accumulation in S phase and G2/M arrest, with concomitant suppression of p21 expression and inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase activity. | HT-29, C26 | [145] [146] |