ALKALOIDS

Vinblastin

(C₄₆H₅₈N₄O₉)

Inhibition of cellular proliferation by altering the dynamics of tubulin addition and loss at the ends of mitotic spindle microtubules.

CCRF-CEM CEM/VM-1

[119] [130] [131] [132]

Vincristine

(C₄₆H₅₆N₄O₁₀)

Cryptolepine

(C₁₆H₁₂N₂)

SAPONINS

Saponin

(C₄₄H₇₀O₁₇)

Causes cytotoxicity and apoptosis in tumor cells.

Jurkat, HL 60

[120] [133]

CARDIAC

GLYCOSIDES

Bufalin

(C₂₄H₃₄O₄)

Inhibition of topoisomerases I and II, Increased activation of MAPKs, Down regulation of cyclin A, Bcl-2 and BclxL, Increased expression of p21 and Bax.

HL60, U-937, CCRF-CEM, CEM-VM-1

[125] [134] [135]

Oleandrin

(C₃₂H₄₈O₉)

Digitoxin

(C₄₁H₆₄O₁₃)

Proscillaridin A

(C₃₀H₄₂O₈)

Ouabain

(C₂₉H₄₄O₁₂)

Stomach

FLAVONOIDS

Sophoranone

(C₃₀H₃₆O₄)

Inhibition of cellular growth and induction of apoptosis. Inhibition, reversion or retardation of cellular hyperproliferation.

MKN7 cells

[136]

SAPONINS

Saponins

(C₄₄H₇₀O₁₇)

Cytotoxic effects on tumor cells.

SGC-7901

[137]

Colon Cancer

FLAVONOIDS

Flavone

(C₁₅H₁₀O₂)

Inhibition of cellular proliferation and cytotoxicity, Perturbations in cell cycle progression. Checkpoints at both G1/S and G2/M of the cell cycle.

Caco-2 and HT-29

[138] [139] [140]

Quercetin

(C₁₅H₁₀O₇)

Genistein

(C₁₅H₁₀O₅)

Anthocyanin

(C₁₅H₁₁O+)

ALKALOIDS

Camptothecin

(C₂₀H₁₆N₂O₄)

It involves binding topoisomerase I–DNA covalent complex, forming a ternary complex that gets stabilized and DNA is prevented from religation during replication, that leads to damage in DNA and apoptosis of the cancer cells as single-strand break converts into double-strand break

CaCo2, T84

[141] [142] [143] [144]

Topotecan

(C₂₃H₂₃N₃O₅)

Irinotecan

(C₃₃H₃₈N₄O₆)

Arctigenin

(C₂₁H₂₄O₆)

SAPONINS

Saponins

(C₄₄H₇₀O₁₇)

Inhibits cell proliferation through accumulation in S phase and G2/M arrest, with concomitant suppression of p21 expression and inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase activity.

HT-29, C26

[145] [146]