Japan

Thailand

Work

Yes (N = 24)

No (N = 210)

Yes (N = 26)

No (N = 174)

Main effect (in Japan and Thailand)

Main effect (events)

Interaction

M

SD

M

SD

M

SD

M

SD

F

F

F

Attitude toward own aging

3.25

1.03

2.90

1.45

2.35

1.44

2.26

1.35

13.67^**

1.10

0.39

Agitation

4.58

1.79

4.06

1.78

3.73

1.59

3.47

1.40

8.70^**

2.55

0.29

Lonely dissatisfaction

5.25

0.85

4.80

1.43

4.85

1.22

4.60

1.39

2.13

2.75

0.24

Sum

13.08

2.43

11.77

3.89

10.92

3.54

10.33

3.24

11.26^**

3.17

0.46

Activities to enhance learning and culture

Yes (N = 79)

No (N = 155)

Yes (N = 7)

No (N = 193)

Attitude toward own aging

3.25

1.32

2.77

1.44

3.86

1.57

2.21

1.32

0.01

14.48^**

4.36^*

Agitation

4.25

1.71

4.05

1.82

4.29

0.76

3.48

1.44

0.65

2.34

0.82

Lonely dissatisfaction

5.01

1.16

4.77

1.49

5.14

1.22

4.62

1.37

0.00

1.87

0.25

Sum

12.52

3.18

11.59

4.04

13.29

3.09

10.31

3.25

0.13

7.32^**

2.01

Sports and recreational activities

Yes (N = 86)

No (N = 148)

Yes (N = 5)

No (N = 195)

Attitude toward own aging

3.24

1.30

2.76

1.45

3.20

1.79

2.25

1.34

0.73

4.91^*

0.51

Agitation

4.16

1.69

4.09

1.84

4.40

0.89

3.48

1.43

0.23

1.66

1.20

Lonely dissatisfaction

5.22

0.91

4.64

1.57

5.80

0.45

4.61

1.37

0.73

7.66^**

0.90

Sum

12.63

3.01

11.48

4.12

13.40

2.41

10.33

3.27

0.05

6.37^**

1.32

Hobby activities

Yes (N = 114)

No (N = 120)

Yes (N = 26)

No (N = 174)

Attitude toward own aging

3.05

1.47

2.82

1.36

2.88

1.21

2.18

1.36

5.67^*

7.49^**

1.97

Agitation

4.34

1.67

3.90

1.87

3.73

1.40

3.47

1.43

6.71^**

3.05

0.21

Lonely dissatisfaction

5.05

1.20

4.66

1.53

5.15

1.26

4.56

1.37

0.00

8.55^**

0.36

Sum

12.45

3.50

11.38

3.99

11.77

3.13

10.21

3.26

4.45^*

9.02^**

0.33

Volunteer activities

Yes (N = 37)

No (N = 197)

Yes (N = 5)

No (N = 195)

Attitude toward own aging

3.73

1.15

2.79

1.41

3.80

0.84

2.23

1.34

0.54

14.45^**

0.90

Agitation

4.81

1.47

3.98

1.81

3.00

1.87

3.52

1.42

8.39^**

0.15

2.92

Lonely dissatisfaction

5.41

0.76

4.75

1.46

5.60

0.89

4.61

1.37

0.01

6.13^**

0.25

Sum

13.95

2.54

11.52

3.87

12.40

2.70

10.36

3.29

2.51

6.86^**

0.05