(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

2001-2003

2004-2007

Whole

East

Midwest

Whole

East

Midwest

hp

0.004

0.099

−0.000

−0.007**

−0.008**

0.005

(0.39)

(0.59)

(−0.26)

(−2.95)

(−2.25)

(1.56)

Control variables

Time fixed effect

Yes

Controlled

Yes

Controlled

Yes

Controlled

Yes

Controlled

Yes

Controlled

Yes

Controlled

City fixed effect

Controlled

Controlled

Controlled

Controlled

Controlled

Controlled

Constant term

−46.472**

−290.997

10.818***

19.098***

16.523

10.978***

(−2.27)

(−0.68)

(2.82)

(3.17)

(1.10)

(2.79)

Observations

493

195

298

875

357

518

within R2

0.399

0.074

0.716

0.738