| Authors/Year | Higher-level concept | Characteristics |
| Psychology | ||
| Learning as establishment/strengthening of neural connections | ||
| | etablishment or strengthening of | “neural connections between stimulating processes and responding processes as a result of accompanying or immediately preceding psychological acts” |
| Learning as change in behavior | ||
| | change | “in activity” |
| | persisting change or modification | of behavior “which results from the activity of the organisms itself and which tends to adapt the organism to its environment” |
| | relatively permanent change | “…in a subject’s behavior to a given situation brought about by his (or her) repeated experiences in that situation, provided that the behavior change cannot be explained on the basis of native response tendencies, maturation, or temporary states of the subject (e.g., fatigue, drugs, etc.)” |
| | process | “…by which an organism benefits from experience so that its future behaviour is better adapted to its environment” |
| | change | “in behavior resulting from experience” |
| | process | “in which an animal (human or non-human) interacts with its environment and becomes changed by this experience so that its subsequent behaviour is modified” |
| | changes | “in the behavior of an organism resulting from regularities in the environment of that organism” |
| | relatively permanent change | “in behavior resulting from experience” |
| | process | “of change that occurs as a result of an individual's experience” |
| Learning as change in behavior or behavioral potential | ||
| | stable change | “in behavior or behavioral potential resulting from experience” |
| | process | “…by which relatively permanent changes occur in behavioral potential as a result of experience” |
| Learning as change in behavioral mechanisms | ||
| | process | “…by which a relatively stable modification in stimuli–response relations is developed as a consequence of functional environmental interaction via the senses |
| | enduring change | “in the mechanisms of behavior involving specific stimuli and/or responses resulting from prior experience with similar stimuli and responses” |
| Learning as change in the processing of information | ||
| | active process | “…involving the acquisition or reorganization of the cognitive structures through which humans process and store information” |
| | long-term change | “in mental representations or associations as a result of experience” |
| | coming | To know |
| Learning as system change | ||
| | process | “…that modifies a system so as to improve, more or less irreversibly, its subsequent performance of the same task or of tasks drawn from the same population” |
| | structured updating | “of system properties based on the processing of new information” |
| Learning as change in view | ||
| | change | “in world-view” |
| Learning as an increase | ||
| | increase | “through experience, of problem-solving ability” |
| Educational science | ||
| Learning as constructing | ||
| | process | “of using a prior interpretation to construe a new or revised interpretation of the meaning of one’s experience as a guide to future action” |
| Learning as a process | ||
| | continuum | “of disequilibrum-equilibrum phases manifested by: 1) intellectual and psychological needs that instigate or result from these phases and 2) ways of understanding or ways of thinking that are ultilized and newly constructed during these phases” |
| Philosophy | ||
| Learning as action | ||
| | process | “of an intentional change in the psychical state” |
| Learning as a process | ||
| | rule-guided process | of acquiring something “its character is… determined by the results characteristic of it” |
| Learning as activity | ||
| | activity | “with its attempts and successes and failures” |
| Learning as development | ||
| | development | of insight |
| Learning as knowledge acquisition | ||
| | acquisition of knowledge | “by the application of one’s present conceptual equipment” |
| Interdisciplinary | ||
| Learning as a process | ||
| | process | “leading to an experience-dependent behavioral response of a system” |
| | becoming | conscious |