Belgian sample

M (SD)

n = 52

Quebec sample

M (SD)

n = 49

Χ2/t

d

Mothers’ characteristics

Age (in years)

Level of education (% of superior grade)

38.78 (5.01)

71%

37.96 (5.21)

86%

1.20

2.58

Mothers emotional openness (DOE)

Cognitive representation of emotions

Communication of emotions

Perception of Internal Bodily Indicators of Emotions

Perception of External Bodily Indicators of Emotions

Regulation of emotions

Normative Restrictions of Affectivity

2.75 (.69)

2.31 (.69)

2.09 (.99)

2.04 (.69)

2.07 (.62)

1.99 (1.03)

3.24 (.62)

2.81 (.46)

3.27 (.76)

3.15 (.61)

2.98 (.54)

3.13 (1.12)

−3.59***

−4.14***

−6.23***

−8.18***

−7.47***

−5.01***

.65

.58

.88

.64

.58

1.08

Mothers reactions to negative emotions

Comforting

Problem-focused

Encouragement of expression of emotion

Distress

Punitive

Minimizing responses

5.29 (1.13)

5.48 (1.25)

4.39 (1.42)

2.29 (.85)

2.1 (.95)

3.69 (1.08)

5.05 (1.01)

5.92 (.78)

5.14 (.85)

2.28 (.73)

2.45 (.96)

3.53 (1.15)

1.08

−2.04*

−3.09**

−.09

−1.73

.65

1.02

1.15

Mothers reactions to positive emotions

Socialization

Encouragement

Reprimand

Discomfort

5.11 (1.39)

4.38 (1.16)

3.57 (1.44)

2.73 (1.63)

5.84 (1.01)

4.65 (1.39)

3.44 (1.49)

2.81 (1.44)

−2.87**

−1.02

−.43

−.26

1.19

Mother-child conversations about emotions

Frequency of conversations about emotions

Joy-related terms

Anger-related terms

Sadness-related terms

Fear-related terms

Emotion-related verbs

2.31 (.78)

4.81 (2.79)

3.63 (2.53)

1.87 (1.52)

2.09 (2.82)

.87 (1.22)

2.73 (.54)

5.55 (3.13)

4.45 (2.38)

2.51 (1.65)

2.89 (2.41)

1.98 (1.73)

−2.70**

−1.10

−1.45

−1.76

−1.31

−2.76**

.64

1.58