| Belgian sample M (SD) n = 52 | Quebec sample M (SD) n = 49 | Χ2/t | d |
Mothers’ characteristics |
|
|
|
|
Age (in years) Level of education (% of superior grade) | 38.78 (5.01) 71% | 37.96 (5.21) 86% | 1.20 2.58 |
|
Mothers’ emotional openness (DOE) |
|
|
|
|
Cognitive representation of emotions Communication of emotions Perception of Internal Bodily Indicators of Emotions Perception of External Bodily Indicators of Emotions Regulation of emotions Normative Restrictions of Affectivity | 2.75 (.69) 2.31 (.69) 2.09 (.99) 2.04 (.69) 2.07 (.62) 1.99 (1.03) | 3.24 (.62) 2.81 (.46) 3.27 (.76) 3.15 (.61) 2.98 (.54) 3.13 (1.12) | −3.59*** −4.14*** −6.23*** −8.18*** −7.47*** −5.01*** | .65 .58 .88 .64 .58 1.08 |
Mothers’ reactions to negative emotions |
|
|
|
|
Comforting Problem-focused Encouragement of expression of emotion Distress Punitive Minimizing responses | 5.29 (1.13) 5.48 (1.25) 4.39 (1.42) 2.29 (.85) 2.1 (.95) 3.69 (1.08) | 5.05 (1.01) 5.92 (.78) 5.14 (.85) 2.28 (.73) 2.45 (.96) 3.53 (1.15) | 1.08 −2.04* −3.09** −.09 −1.73 .65 | 1.02 1.15 |
Mothers’ reactions to positive emotions |
|
|
|
|
Socialization Encouragement Reprimand Discomfort | 5.11 (1.39) 4.38 (1.16) 3.57 (1.44) 2.73 (1.63) | 5.84 (1.01) 4.65 (1.39) 3.44 (1.49) 2.81 (1.44) | −2.87** −1.02 −.43 −.26 | 1.19 |
Mother-child conversations about emotions |
|
|
|
|
Frequency of conversations about emotions Joy-related terms Anger-related terms Sadness-related terms Fear-related terms Emotion-related verbs | 2.31 (.78) 4.81 (2.79) 3.63 (2.53) 1.87 (1.52) 2.09 (2.82) .87 (1.22) | 2.73 (.54) 5.55 (3.13) 4.45 (2.38) 2.51 (1.65) 2.89 (2.41) 1.98 (1.73) | −2.70** −1.10 −1.45 −1.76 −1.31 −2.76** | .64
1.58 |