Study

Design

Sample Size

Data Collection Methods

Outcome Measures

Shen et al., 2016

Validation study

174 principals

Survey questionnaire

Principals’ data-informed decision-making on high-impact strategies

Lai & Schildkamp, 2012

Literature review

N/A

SA systematic review of literature

Database decision-making in education

Levin and Datnow, 2012

Case study

6 urban schools

Interviews, surveys, and document analysis

The principal role in data-driven decision making

Schrum and Levin, 2013

Case study

3 schools

Interviews, focus groups, and document analysis

Leadership for twenty-first-century schools and student achievement