Zheng L. et al., 2011

To investigate the effects of the ethanol extract on colon carcinoma cancer cells.

The inhibition of cell growth by observing the morphological cell changes. Western blotting was used to measure the expression levels of proteins and flow cytometry was to evaluate mitochondrial membrane potential changes.

colon carcinoma/ HT-29 cells

Bcl-2/Bax,

Fu X.R., Sun, Z.C. & Zhang M. 2012

To investigate the effects of PV on the proliferation of lymphoma Raji cells and Jurkat cells, and find the mechanisms.

The cell proliferaton apotosis, and viability were examined by MTT assay, gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry. Western blotting was used to detect the changes in expression levels of proteins.

leukemia/ Jurkat cells, Raji cells

Bcl-2, Bax

Kim S.H. et al. 2012

To study the mechanism of action of PV aqueous exttract to affect cell migration and invasion of liver cancer.

Tumor cell viability, migration and invasion were studied by measuring the activities and transcription of metalloproteases.

liver hepatocarcinoma cell

MMP-2,9, p53

Hwang Y.J. et al. 2013

To investigate the antioxidant and anticancer activities of an ethanol PV extract.

The extraction was by ethanol and then fractionated to produce hexane, butanol, chloroform and water fractions. The antioxidant activities were analyzed by the Folin-Ciocalteu, DPPH, FRAP, ABTS and SOD. The cell cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay. The expression of genes was investigated by RT-PCR.

HepG2, HT29, A549, MKN45 and HeLa cells.

p53, Bax, Fas

Lin, W. et al. 2013

To investigate the mechanisms of action of PV against colon carcinoma.

The proliferation of cells was studied by MTT and colony formation assays. The cell cycle was determined using fluorescence-activated cell sorting with propidium iodide staining. RT-PCR and western blotting were used to measure mRNA and protein expressions.

Colon carcinoma/ HT-29 cells

CDK4, cyclin D1

Lou H. et al. 2014

To show the cytotoxicity of a new diterpenoid, Vulgarisin, discovered in PV

To elucidate the structure of the fused tetracyclic ring skeleton of vulgarisin, and to show the cytotoxicity of it.

lung carcinoma/ A549

N/A

Wang P. et al. 2014

To explore the effects of PV extracts on human adenocarcinoma, and to elucidate the mechanism at the proteomic level.

The effect of PV on cell proliferation was explored by MTT assay. Proteins were isolated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and then silver staining was used to acquire the proteomic maps, which was then analyzed by mass spectrometry and Western blotting.

Lung adenocarcinoma/ A549 cells

A wide range of proteins were found.

Wang Y. et al. 2014

To study the effects of sulfated polysaccharide from PV on the expression of angiogenic factors, and angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma

ELISA assay was used. In vivo, the microvessel density in carcinoma tissue sections was calculated, analyzed.

hepatocellular carcinoma/ HepG2 cells

bFGF, VEGF and IL-8

Bai Y.B. et al. 2015

To study the chemical constituents from PV and the antitumor activities

Silica gel, reverse-phase octadecylsilyl, sephadex LH-20 chromatographic methods and HPLC were used to isolate and purify the compounds. MS and NMR spectroscopic methods were used to determine their structures. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay.

breast cancer/ MCF-7, MDA-MB231, MCF-10A cells

N/A