Exposure

Control (n = 492)

Cases (n = 246)

OR

p-value

Maternal age

<30 years

42.3

34.6

1

30+ years

57.7

65.4

1.4 (1.1 - 2.0)

0.03

Maternal malnutrition

Low BMI (<18.5)

28.7

26.5

0.9 (0.6 - 1.3)

0.54

Short stature (ht < 145 cm)

11.8

12.2

1.0 (0.6 - 1.7)

0.86

Food habits during pregnancy

More or usual diet

85.3

75.2

1

Less than usual diet

14.6

24.8

2.2 (1.4 - 3.3)

0.0003

Working habits during pregnancy

Less than usual work

13.8

9.7

1

More or usual work

86.2

90.2

1.5 (0.9 - 2.5)

0.1

Birth history

Miscarriages

20.7

25.2

1.3 (0.9 - 1.8)

0.15

Still birth

12.0

26.4

2.9 (1.9 - 4.5)

<0.001

Child death

31.9

97.6

94.2 (30.1 - 295.3)

<0.001

Birth interval < 2 years

66.3

77.4

1.8 (1.2 - 2.6)

0.001

Complications during pregnancy

Bleeding from the vagina

3.05

8.94

3.3 (1.6 - 6.8)

0.001

Smelly or excessive vaginal discharge

7.11

17.48

3.1 (1.8 - 5.2)

<0.001

Severe or persistent abdominal or back pain that was not labour pain

29.07

37.80

1.7 (1.2 - 2.5)

0.006

Swelling on body parts (hand, face, leg)

26.42

33.74

1.5 (1.1 - 2.2)

0.02

Blurring of vision

47.15

54.07

0.4 (1 - 1.9)

0.06

Severe headache

58.54

65.85

1.4 (1.0 - 2.0)

0.05

High blood pressure

30.49

41.46

2 (1.3 - 2.9)

0.001

Anaemia/pallor

21.54

29.67

1.6 (1.1 - 2.4)

0.01