| Community based study | Hospital based studies | ||
| Demographic risk factors | Antepartum risk factors | Intrapartum risk factor | Infant/postnatal |
| Parental education and occupation [57] | Primiparity [45] [58] | Malpresentation [41] [46] [59] | Prematurity [60] |
| Cast and ethnicity [57] | Maternal fever [41] | Prolonged labor [40] [46] | Low birth weight [41] [47] |
|
| Pregnancy induced hypertension [45] [46] | Meconium stained amniotic fluid [40] [41] [45] [59] | Intrauterine growth restriction [46] [58] |
|
| Anemia [41] | Pre-eclampsia [41] |
|
|
| Antepartum hemorrhage [41] [45] | Premature rupture of membranes [41] |
|
|
| History of prior neonatal death [45] | Oxytocin augmentation of labor [41] |
|
|
|
| Umbilical cord prolapsed [46] [59] |
|