|
| Fine sand | Backfill | GL |
| Young’s modulus E (MPa) | 50 | 75 | 150 |
| Poisson’s ratio v | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 |
| Cohesion C (KN/m2) | 3 | 5 | 5 |
| Friction angle φ (˚) | 32 | 35 | 28 |
| Expansion angle ψ (˚) | 0 | 0 | 0 |