Perspective of the Definition | Core Content | Main References |
Micro perspective: Define institutional capital as the input that can create economic income, from the angle of corporate strategic management and acqusition of competitive adcantage. | The environmental factors and capabilities that embedded in the environment and support value-added activities. | Oliver, C. (1997), Smith, et al. (2008), Lounsbury, M., Glynn, M. A. (2001), Bresser, R., Millonig, K. (2003), Reihlen, M. et al. (2010), Yang, Z., Su, C. (2014), Child, J., Marinova, S. (2014) |
Formal or informal institutional arrangements or institutional structure of an economy. | Hall, P. A., Soskice, D. (2001), Platje (2007, 2008, 2011), Leitch, J. (2012) | |
A set of unique resources embedded in the institutional environment. | Lu, Y. et al. (2010) | |
Enterprises’ resources, knowledge and information that gained by taking advantage of networks. | Gao, Y. (2015) | |
Revenues obtained through corporate profit-sharing, taking institution as inputs. | Schultz, T. W. (1994), Picciotto, R. (1996), Zhou, Y. M. (2003, 2013, 2014), Yang, M. et al. (2013) | |
A collection of written or unwritten behavioral rules and social consensus built by organization or set up supported by the organization. | Lin, N. (2005), Hoff, K. and Sen, A. (2005) | |
Macro perspective: Define institutional capital as superiority resulting from national economic institutions and political institutions. | National superiority or comparative institutional advantage obtained from certain economy. | Healey, P. (1998), Wolsink, H. (1999), Brunell, L. (2005), Chen, Z. W. (2008), Schneider, M. R. (2010), Lietaer, B., Hallsmith, G. (2011) |