Authors | Study sample | Research methods | Financial indicators |
| 58 Indian firms included in Thomson Reuters Asset 4 ESG | An empirical multivariate panel data model | Return on invested capital; Return on equity; Return on assets; Earnings per share. |
| Panel data for 351 firms in the FTSE350 from 10 industries | Static analysis, dynamic analysis | The market value and earnings per share of the firm; The ESG scores, ECO scores, ENV scores, SOC scores, CG scores, ESGH scores, ESGL scores; Financial leverage, total revenues, capital expenditure as a percentage of sales. |
| Four multinationals from Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru | Regression | ESG dimensions; Firms’ financial performance. |
| Sample includes 1720 companies and 39 countries | Regression | Tobin’s Q = (Equity Market Value + Liabilities Market Value)/(Equity Book Value + Liabilities Book Value) ESG scores. |
| Sample of 20 companies | Correlation/regression model | ROA and Tobin’s Q; ESG disclosure scores. |