Null Hypothesis (H_o)

MWALD statistic

p-value

SX does not cause GDP

17.43988

0.0002*

GDP does not cause SX

1.251038

0.5350

GOODX does not cause GDP

13.77710

0.0010*

GDP does not cause GOODX

1.100700

0.5767

TOT does not cause GDP

10.98372

0.0041*

GDP does not cause TOT

2.439738

0.2953