Before using smartphones

After starting to use smartphones

P value

Abdominal pain

None

67

(25.8)

56

(21.5)

0.177

A little

65

(25.0)

62

(23.8)

To some extent

79

(30.4)

94

(36.2)

Severe

37

(14.2)

40

(15.4)

Missing

12

(4.6)

8

(3.1)

Headache and low back pain

None

91

(35.0)

79

(30.4)

<0.001

A little

63

(24.2)

74

(28.5)

To some extent

72

(27.7)

76

(29.2)

Severe

15

(5.8)

19

(7.3)

Missing

19

(7.3)

12

(4.6)