Before using smartphones

After starting to use smartphones

P value

Irritability

none

78

(30.0)

61

(23.5)

ns

rarely

129

(49.6)

142

(54.6)

frequently

46

(17.7)

47

(18.1)

always

5

(1.9)

7

(2.7)

missing

2

(0.8)

3

(1.2)

Difficulty concentrating

none

98

(37.7)

7

(18.1)

<0.001

rarely

80

(30.8)

109

(41.9)

frequently

70

(26.9)

85

(32.7)

always

10

(3.8)

16

(6.2)

missing

2

(0.8)

3

(1.2)

Lack of motivation

none

125

(48.1)

88

(33.8)

<0.001

rarely

112

(43.1)

112

(43.1)

frequently

14

(5.4)

45

(17.3)

always

4

(1.5)

10

(3.8)

missing

5

(1.9)

5

(1.9)

Sensitivity to stress

none

62

(23.8)

42

(16.2)

0.005

rarely

119

(45.8)

110

(42.3)

frequently

48

(18.5)

76

(29.2)

always

19

(7.3)

19

(7.3)

missing

12

(4.6)

13

(5.0)