ž Rural: Seven villages in the Pa Tung sub-district, and the Mae Chan district were used as rural areas.

ž Thai GHQ-28: 28 questions/somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction, and depression.

ž The difference in social relationships (p = 0.011) was significant among females.

ž Social dysfunction showed a significant difference between rural and suburban areas (p < 0.001).

ž Social dysfunction showed a significant difference between males in rural areas and those in suburban areas (p < 0.001).

ž Social relationships showed a significant difference between males in rural areas and those in suburban areas (p = 0.008).