Variable

RD

The coefficient of

T value

P values

Significant

OCF_sd

−0.005

−2.21

0.027

**

The SIZE

0.001

2.12

0.034

**

LEV

−0.009

−4.59

0.000

***

ROA

0.005

0.77

0.442

TURN

0.005

8.64

0.000

***

TBQ

0.002

7.59

0.000

***

CI

0.000

0.04

0.965

AF

0.002

5.33

0.000

***

Constant

−1.217

−3.01

0.003

***

Industry

Control

The annual

Control

Adj R-squared

0.2578

N

6037