High Income

Lower Middle Income

Upper Middle Income

Low Income

High Income

Lower Middle Income

Upper Middle Income

Low Income

High Income

Lower Middle Income

Upper Middle Income

Low Income

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

Lagged GDP per capita

0.317***

0.779***

0.740***

0.556***

0.860***

0.735***

0.970***

0.575***

0.612***

0.760***

0.857***

0.862***

(0.000)

(0.036)

(0.173)

(0.094)

(0.018)

(0.142)

(0.112)

(0.109)

(0.114)

(0.063)

(0.031)

(0.039)

Inflation

0.012***

−0.010

0.000

0.002

−0.004***

−0.011***

0.001

−0.000***

−0.009***

−0.006**

−0.007

−0.000

(0.000)

(0.011)

(0.001)

(0.002)

(0.000)

(0.003)

(0.001)

(0.000)

(0.002)

(0.003)

(0.009)

(0.000)

FDI inflows

−0.027***

−0.016

0.011***

−0.002

−0.043***

−0.022*

−0.015

−0.024**

−0.026

−0.018*

−0.013

−0.002

(0.000)

(0.014)

(0.004)

(0.009)

(0.005)

(0.013)

(0.029)

(0.012)

(0.017)

(0.010)

(0.016)

(0.008)

Private domestic investment

0.164**

0.130

0.111**

0.079***

0.262***

−0.162

0.121***

0.024***

0.093

0.261*

0.118**

(0.081)

(0.163)

(0.049)

(0.004)

(0.079)

(0.132)

(0.039)

(0.005)

(0.072)

(0.151)

(0.058)

Population growth

−0.010***

−0.134

−0.239***

0.025

−0.001***

0.096*

−0.182

−0.008

−0.007

0.091*

−0.124

−0.035**

(0.000)

(0.109)

(0.092)

(0.021)

(0.000)

(0.053)

(0.114)

(0.020)

(0.005)

(0.052)

(0.084)

(0.017)

Openness

−1.249***

−0.092

0.119

−0.188*

0.162***

−0.461

−0.102

−0.260

0.010

−0.226

−0.242

−0.058

(0.000)

(0.213)

(0.165)

(0.105)

(0.001)

(0.352)

(0.105)

(0.198)

(0.017)

(0.210)

(0.285)

(0.112)

Health expenditure

−0.232*

−0.397*

−0.034

0.154***

0.046

−0.420***

0.105

−0.455

−0.106

−0.288***

0.063

(0.133)

(0.234)

(0.086)

(0.043)

(0.227)

(0.113)

(0.096)

(0.297)

(0.144)

(0.077)

(0.050)

Tertiary enrolment

−0.004

0.153

0.352***

(0.034)

(0.161)

(0.094)

Secondary enrolment

0.168***

0.212

0.725**

0.450**

(0.002)

(0.169)

(0.350)

(0.183)

Primary enrolment

−1.340

1.042***

−0.914

0.052

(0.946)

(0.215)

(0.569)

(0.093)

Observations

5

56

34

113

15

67

47

98

21

103

55

164

Countries

2

9

5

17

2

8

5

16

2

9

5

19