| High Income | Lower Middle Income | Upper Middle Income | Low Income | High Income | Lower Middle Income | Upper Middle Income | Low Income | High Income | Lower Middle Income | Upper Middle Income | Low Income |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | |
Lagged GDP per capita | 0.317*** | 0.779*** | 0.740*** | 0.556*** | 0.860*** | 0.735*** | 0.970*** | 0.575*** | 0.612*** | 0.760*** | 0.857*** | 0.862*** |
(0.000) | (0.036) | (0.173) | (0.094) | (0.018) | (0.142) | (0.112) | (0.109) | (0.114) | (0.063) | (0.031) | (0.039) | |
Inflation | 0.012*** | −0.010 | 0.000 | 0.002 | −0.004*** | −0.011*** | 0.001 | −0.000*** | −0.009*** | −0.006** | −0.007 | −0.000 |
(0.000) | (0.011) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.000) | (0.003) | (0.001) | (0.000) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.009) | (0.000) | |
FDI inflows | −0.027*** | −0.016 | 0.011*** | −0.002 | −0.043*** | −0.022* | −0.015 | −0.024** | −0.026 | −0.018* | −0.013 | −0.002 |
(0.000) | (0.014) | (0.004) | (0.009) | (0.005) | (0.013) | (0.029) | (0.012) | (0.017) | (0.010) | (0.016) | (0.008) | |
Private domestic investment | 0.164** | 0.130 | 0.111** | 0.079*** | 0.262*** | −0.162 | 0.121*** | 0.024*** | 0.093 | 0.261* | 0.118** | |
(0.081) | (0.163) | (0.049) | (0.004) | (0.079) | (0.132) | (0.039) | (0.005) | (0.072) | (0.151) | (0.058) | ||
Population growth | −0.010*** | −0.134 | −0.239*** | 0.025 | −0.001*** | 0.096* | −0.182 | −0.008 | −0.007 | 0.091* | −0.124 | −0.035** |
(0.000) | (0.109) | (0.092) | (0.021) | (0.000) | (0.053) | (0.114) | (0.020) | (0.005) | (0.052) | (0.084) | (0.017) | |
Openness | −1.249*** | −0.092 | 0.119 | −0.188* | 0.162*** | −0.461 | −0.102 | −0.260 | 0.010 | −0.226 | −0.242 | −0.058 |
(0.000) | (0.213) | (0.165) | (0.105) | (0.001) | (0.352) | (0.105) | (0.198) | (0.017) | (0.210) | (0.285) | (0.112) | |
Health expenditure | −0.232* | −0.397* | −0.034 | 0.154*** | 0.046 | −0.420*** | 0.105 | −0.455 | −0.106 | −0.288*** | 0.063 | |
(0.133) | (0.234) | (0.086) | (0.043) | (0.227) | (0.113) | (0.096) | (0.297) | (0.144) | (0.077) | (0.050) | ||
Tertiary enrolment | −0.004 | 0.153 | 0.352*** | |||||||||
(0.034) | (0.161) | (0.094) | ||||||||||
Secondary enrolment | 0.168*** | 0.212 | 0.725** | 0.450** | ||||||||
(0.002) | (0.169) | (0.350) | (0.183) | |||||||||
Primary enrolment | −1.340 | 1.042*** | −0.914 | 0.052 | ||||||||
(0.946) | (0.215) | (0.569) | (0.093) | |||||||||
Observations | 5 | 56 | 34 | 113 | 15 | 67 | 47 | 98 | 21 | 103 | 55 | 164 |
Countries | 2 | 9 | 5 | 17 | 2 | 8 | 5 | 16 | 2 | 9 | 5 | 19 |