Africa

Asia

Central America and the Caribbean

Former USSR and Eastern Europe

MENA

South America

OECD

Short run coefficients

fi

−0.063***

(−7.57)

−0.159***

(−4.54)

−0.118***

(−8.35)

−0.185***

(−5.85)

−0.659***

(−14.41)

−0.341***

(−7.66)

−0.056***

(−4.62)

GDP/POP

−1.479

(−1.57)

1.729***

(3.35)

4.086***

(3.35)

2.865

(1.44)

43.044***

(2.96)

−4.545

(−1.12)

−1.027

(−0.79)

Squared GDP/POP

0.306***

(4.21)

−0.027***

(−2.84)

−0.099

(−1.60)

−0.145

(−1.10)

−0.259

(−0.98)

0.6115*

(1.78)

0.035

(1.02)

Investment/pop

0.791

(1.47)

0.046

(0.10)

1.844***

(3.66)

1.847**

(1.98)

184.229***

(15.56)

−1.679

(−1.61)

0.226

(0.75)

FDI/pop

4.101

(1.54)

1.258***

(2.90)

3.604

(1.45)

1.265

(0.70)

−288.77

(−1.42)

17.959***

(3.36)

0.040

(0.22)

Trade openness

0.224

(0.37)

−0.209

−(0.47)

−3.726***

(−2.25)

−1.472

(−0.60)

21.613

(0.42)

−0.192

(−0.07)

1.894

(1.10)