| The existing program | The direction of the required program |
| Teacher-centered | Student-centered |
| Content-focused | Content-and process-focused |
| Learners mainly hear about activities related to science. | Learners do science activities for themselves. |
| Scientific knowledge and activity are presented as hardened facts. | Scientific knowledge and activity are constructed and discussed socially. |
| The existing discovery or tangible facts are studied and memorized. | Scientific facts are discovered through observations and experiments in order to establish scientific theory. |
| The chance about reflection-in-action or reflection-on-action is insufficient. | The chance about reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action is sufficient. |
| Superficial learning | Deep understanding and learning |
| Leaning science | Doing science |