| 24 | Lowry et al. [55] Year: 2011 Country: United States Type of study: Cross-sectional study | Participants: High school students Number: 56,773 Male: Not reported Female: Not reported Age: Not reported Mean age range: 15.9 - 16.1 years | Data collection: Questionnaires Sampling method: Cluster sampling Place: School-based | Risk factors ・ Substance abuse ・ Inconsistent condom use Determinants (risk behaviours) ・ Ethnicity ・ Individual lifestyle (sexually active) |
| 25 | Foliaki et al. [56] Year: 2014 Country: Fiji Type of study: Cross-sectional study | Participants: Women Number: 1244 Female: 1244 Age: 25 - 64 years | Data collection: Questionnaires, Lab test Sampling method: Convenience sample Place: Health centre-based | Risk factors ・ Contracted STI |
| 26 | Huang et al. [57] Year: 2008 Country: United States Type of study: Descriptive study | Participants: Non MSM adults Number: 604 Male: Not reported Female: Not reported Age: 18 - 45 years old | Data collection: Questionnaires Sampling method: Snowball sample Place: Community-based | Determinants ・ Education (knowledge, perceptions) |
| 27 | Saewyc et al. [58] Year: 2006 Country: United States, British Columbia Type of study: Cohort study | Participants: Bisexual, gay/lesbian, heterosexual adolescents Number: 800,750 Male: Not reported Female: Not reported Age: <12 - >19 years | Data collection: Questionnaires Sampling method: Clustered stratified random sampling Place: School-based | Determinants (risk behaviour) ・ Individual lifestyle ・ Sex and Gender ・ Age
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| 28 | Choi et al. [59] Year: 2013 Country: United States Type of study: Descriptive study | Participants: MSM Number: 1196 Male: 1196 Age: 18 - 83 years | Data collection: Questionnaire Sampling method: Snowball sample Place: Community-based | Prevalence ・ 14% Determinants (risk behaviour) ・ Social support network ・ Social environment (Sex peer norms) |
| 29 | Han et al. [60] Year: 2015 Country: United States Type of study: Descriptive study | Participants: MSM Number: 1196 Male: 1196 Age: 18 - 83 years | Data collection: Questionnaire, Sampling method: Snowball sample Place: Community-based | Determinants ・ Social support network Risk factors ・ Unprotected sex |
| 30 | Nemoto et al. [61] Year: 2011 Country: United States Type of study: Descriptive study | Participants: MSM, substance abusers, incarcerated persons Number: 1349 Male: Not reported Female: Not reported Age: 18 - 84 years Mean age: 28 years, S.D: 8.6 | Data collection: Questionnaire Sampling method: Convenience sample Place: Community-based | Prevalence ・ 6% Determinants ・ Sex and Gender ・ Individual lifestyle Risk factors ・ Inconsistent condom use ・ Substance users |