| 17 | Wong et al. [48] Year: 2004 Country: United States Type of study: Descriptive study | Participants: HIV + patients Number: 114 Male: Not reported Female: Not reported Age: 18+ years Mean age: 38.7 years, SD: 9.3 | Data collection: Questionnaire Sampling method: Purposive sample Place: Health centre-based | Determinant ・ Ethnicity ・ Education |
| 18 | Wong et al. [49] Year: 2012 Country: United States Type of study: Cross-sectional study | Participants: men sex men Number: 445 Male: 445 Age: ≥18 years Mean: 30.7; SD: 10.3 | Data collection: Screening test, questionnaire, Sampling method: Purposive and convenience sample Place: Community-based | Determinants (services) ・ Age ・ Sex and Gender ・ Perceptions ・ Healthcare services |
| 19 | Do et al. [50] Year: 2006 Country: United States Type of study: Cross-sectional study | Participants: Young MSM Number: 908 Male: 908 Age: 15 - 25 years | Data collection: Questionnaire Sampling method: Simple random sample Place: Community-based | Determinants (services) ・ Sex and Gender ・ Ethnicity ・ Education ・ Healthcare services Risk factors ・ Transactional sex ・ Unprotected sex |
| 20 | Muller and Sami, [51] Year: 2012 Country: Fiji Type of study: Retrospective descriptive study | Participants: HIV-TB patients Number: 393 HIV Male: Not reported Female: Not reported Age: Not reported | Data collection: Questionnaire, lab test Sampling method: Purposive sample Place: Hospital-based | Risk factors ・ Tuberculosis
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| 21 | Hahm et al. [52] Year: 2008 Country: United States Type of study: Prospective study | Participants: Adolescents to young adulthood Number: 1195 Male: Not reported Female: Not reported Age: 22 - 24 years Mean age: 22 years old | Data collection: Questionnaires Sampling method: Clustered sample Place: Community-based | Determinants (risk behaviour) ・ Social support network ・ Perceptions Risk factors ・ Engage sex before age of 15 ・ Contracted STDs ・ Number of sexual partners ・ Traded sex for material |
| 22 | Kang et al. [53] Year: 2005 Country: United States Type of study: Cross-sectional study | Participants: HIV+ patients Number: 54 Male: 45 Age: 24 - 58 years; Mean: 42 years Female: 8 Age: 20 - 65 years; Mean: 42 years Transgender: 1 Age: 45 years | Data collection: Semi-structured questionnaire Sampling method: Convenience sampling Place: Community-based | Determinants ・ Environment ・ Social support network
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| 23 | Hahm et al. [54] Year: 2007 Country: United States Type of study: Descriptive study | Participants: Young adults Number: 1183 Male: 578 Female: 605 Age: 18 - 27 years old | Data collection: Questionnaire Sampling method: Clustered sample Place: Community-based | Determinants ・ Gender ・ Ethnicity Risk factors ・ Traded sex for material ・ Had sex before age 15 ・ Number of sexual partners |