| 17 | Tynan et al. [78] Year: 2013 Country: Papua New Guinea Type of study: Descriptive study | Participants: Medical officers, nursing officers, health extension officers, CHWs, and support staff Number: 29 Male: 17 Female: 12 Age: | Data collection: In-depth interview, focus group discussion Sampling method: Purposive sample Place: Health centre-based | Determinants of access to HIV prevention services ・ Sociocultural factors ・ Individual factors
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| 18 | Kennedy et al. [79] Year: 2014 Country: Vanuatu Type of study: Descriptive study | Participants: Adolescent substance users, jailed Number: 341 Male: Unknown Female: Unknown Age: 15 - 19 years | Data collection: Questionnaires, focus group discussion Sampling method: Purposive sample Place: Community-based | Determinants ・ Social support network
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| 19 | Yoshikawa et al. [80] Year: 2003 Country: United States Type of study: Descriptive studies | Participants: Peer educators Number: 35 Male: 13 Female: 22 Age: 18 - 56 years old [Mean: 34 yrs.] | Data collection: Focus group discussion Sampling method: Purposive sample Place: Community-based | Determinants ・ Culture ・ Work environment |
| 20 | Vallely et al. [81] Year: 2012 Country: Papua New Guinea Type of Study: Cross-sectional study | Participants: University students Number: 1380 Male: 861 Female: 519 Age: 10 - 25+ years old Mean age: 17, SD-4.77 | Data collection: Questionnaires Sampling methods: Systematic sample Place: School-based and community-based | Determinants (services) ・ Beliefs ・ Practices |