Cupcake formulas■ | Substitution level (%) | Properties | ||
Weight (g) | Volume (cm3) | Specific volume (cm3∙g−1) | ||
WF | 0 | 41.29 ± 0.47a | 108.00 ± 1.00e | 2.62 ± 0.01d |
WF-PPH | 5 | 41.57 ± 0.82b | 93.83 ± 4.48cd | 2.26 ± 0.15c |
10 | 52.95 ± 1.27d | 94.00 ± 2.00cd | 1.78 ± 0.01ab | |
15 | 53.34 ± 1.25d | 87.00 ± 2.00ab | 1.63 ± 0.07a | |
20 | 53.02 ± 3.12d | 94.00 ± 5.00cd | 1.78 ± 0.20ab | |
WF-PPR | 5 | 41.25 ± 0.93a | 94.83 ± 2.02cd | 2.30 ± 0.09c |
10 | 51.64 ± 0.80cd | 91.67 ± 2.08abcd | 1.78 ± 0.03ab | |
15 | 52.23 ± 0.98d | 86.00 ± 2.65a | 1.65 ± 0.02a | |
20 | 53.30 ± 2.54d | 90.67 ± 4.51abc | 1.71 ± 0.16a |