Cupcake formulas■ | Substitution level (%) | TPC* | AOA** |
WF | 0 | 1.43 ± 0.18abc | 0.55 ± 0.39ab |
WF-PPH | 5 | 1.78 ± 0.05cdef | 1.01 ± 0.23abc |
10 | 1.43 ± 0.10abc | 1.22 ± 0.36bcd | |
15 | 1.51 ± 0.14bcd | 2.55 ± 0.42g | |
20 | 1.98 ± 0.27efg | 2.40 ± 0.23fg | |
WF-PPR | 5 | 1.41 ± 0.21abc | 0.37 ± 0.42a |
10 | 1.64 ± 0.12bcde | 1.81 ± 0.03defg | |
15 | 2.32 ± 0.30g | 2.28 ± 1.02efg | |
20 | 2.06 ± 0.32fg | 3.44 ± 0.27h |