Cupcake formulas

Substitution level (%)

TPC*

AOA**

WF

0

1.43 ± 0.18abc

0.55 ± 0.39ab

WF-PPH

5

1.78 ± 0.05cdef

1.01 ± 0.23abc

10

1.43 ± 0.10abc

1.22 ± 0.36bcd

15

1.51 ± 0.14bcd

2.55 ± 0.42g

20

1.98 ± 0.27efg

2.40 ± 0.23fg

WF-PPR

5

1.41 ± 0.21abc

0.37 ± 0.42a

10

1.64 ± 0.12bcde

1.81 ± 0.03defg

15

2.32 ± 0.30g

2.28 ± 1.02efg

20

2.06 ± 0.32fg

3.44 ± 0.27h