Cupcake formula**

Substitution level (%)

Compounds

Moisture*

Ash*

Crud protein*

Crud fat*

Crud fiber*

Available carbohydrate*

Energy value

(kJ∙g−1)

WF

0

26.26 ± 1.10a

1.45 ± 0.24a

8.97 ± 0.17d

9.79 ± 1.84abc

0.70 ± 0.25a

79.80 ± 2.06a

1364.90 ± 5.29de

WF-PPH

5

26.90 ± 0.44ab

1.72 ± 0.15abc

6.90 ± 0.93abcd

8.45 ± 0.67ab

0.86 ± 0.25ab

82.93 ± 1.41db

1334.66 ± 7.06cde

10

29.28 ± 1.97cdef

1.83 ± 0.07bc

5.73 ± 1.30a

8.74 ± 2.10ab

1.29 ± 0.41abc

83.70 ± 2.38b

1299.39 ± 9.31abc

15

29.30 ± 0.54cdef

1.94 ± 0.02cd

6.90 ± 1.46abcd

7.38 ± 0.53a

1.81 ± 0.55cde

83.78 ± 1.82b

1281.15 ± 2.35ab

20

28.98 ± 1.61bcdef

2.32 ± 0.02e

5.43 ± 1.26a

8.66 ± 1.31ab

1.96 ± 0.51cde

83.59 ± 0.42b

1302.55 ± 48.27bc

WF-PPR

5

27.09 ± 0.59abc

1.83 ± 0.16bc

5.85 ± 1.59a

8.52 ± 1.53ab

0.77 ± 0.35ab

83.80 ± 1.52b

1333.72 ± 34.30cde

10

27.30 ± 1.07abcd

1.94 ± 0.15cd

6.46 ± 1.02abc

8.90 ± 0.68ab

1.39 ± 0.57abc

82.70 ± 0.48db

1337.88 ± 20.83cde

15

28.17 ± 0.87abcde

1.97 ± 0.14cd

7.27 ± 2.42abcd

7.47 ± 0.53a

2.00 ± 0.52cde

83.29 ± 3.02b

1303.84 ± 23.88bc

20

30.88 ± 0.73f

2.43 ± 0.52e

5.65 ± 0.59a

7.73 ± 1.23a

2.83 ± 0.89f

84.19 ± 1.63b

1257.90 ± 18.43a