Cupcake formula** | Substitution level (%) | Compounds | ||||||
Moisture* | Ash■* | Crud protein■* | Crud fat■* | Crud fiber■* | Available carbohydrate■* | Energy value (kJ∙g−1)■ | ||
WF | 0 | 26.26 ± 1.10a | 1.45 ± 0.24a | 8.97 ± 0.17d | 9.79 ± 1.84abc | 0.70 ± 0.25a | 79.80 ± 2.06a | 1364.90 ± 5.29de |
WF-PPH | 5 | 26.90 ± 0.44ab | 1.72 ± 0.15abc | 6.90 ± 0.93abcd | 8.45 ± 0.67ab | 0.86 ± 0.25ab | 82.93 ± 1.41db | 1334.66 ± 7.06cde |
10 | 29.28 ± 1.97cdef | 1.83 ± 0.07bc | 5.73 ± 1.30a | 8.74 ± 2.10ab | 1.29 ± 0.41abc | 83.70 ± 2.38b | 1299.39 ± 9.31abc | |
15 | 29.30 ± 0.54cdef | 1.94 ± 0.02cd | 6.90 ± 1.46abcd | 7.38 ± 0.53a | 1.81 ± 0.55cde | 83.78 ± 1.82b | 1281.15 ± 2.35ab | |
20 | 28.98 ± 1.61bcdef | 2.32 ± 0.02e | 5.43 ± 1.26a | 8.66 ± 1.31ab | 1.96 ± 0.51cde | 83.59 ± 0.42b | 1302.55 ± 48.27bc | |
WF-PPR | 5 | 27.09 ± 0.59abc | 1.83 ± 0.16bc | 5.85 ± 1.59a | 8.52 ± 1.53ab | 0.77 ± 0.35ab | 83.80 ± 1.52b | 1333.72 ± 34.30cde |
10 | 27.30 ± 1.07abcd | 1.94 ± 0.15cd | 6.46 ± 1.02abc | 8.90 ± 0.68ab | 1.39 ± 0.57abc | 82.70 ± 0.48db | 1337.88 ± 20.83cde | |
15 | 28.17 ± 0.87abcde | 1.97 ± 0.14cd | 7.27 ± 2.42abcd | 7.47 ± 0.53a | 2.00 ± 0.52cde | 83.29 ± 3.02b | 1303.84 ± 23.88bc | |
20 | 30.88 ± 0.73f | 2.43 ± 0.52e | 5.65 ± 0.59a | 7.73 ± 1.23a | 2.83 ± 0.89f | 84.19 ± 1.63b | 1257.90 ± 18.43a |