Independent variable

Item

Item description

Source

Direct green supplier development

DGSD1

Conduct training and education programs for supplier personnel

Dou & Zhu (2014)

DGSD2

Information sharing on environmental topics

DGSD3

Giving green technological and manufacturing related advice to suppliers

DGSD4

Finance supplier major capital environmental expenditures

DGSD5

Providing environmental protection equipment and tools for suppliers

DGSD6

Transferring employees with environmental expertise to suppliers

Indirect green supplier development

IGSD1

Setting environmental improvement targets for suppliers

Bai & Sarkis (2010);

Fu & Zhu (2012)

IGSD2

Conduct environmental audits on suppliers

IGSD3

Requiring ISO 14,000 certification for suppliers

IGSD4

Introduce a cross-functional supply chain team with

environmental presence