| Control group | Experimental group | ||||
N | Μ | SD | N | M | SD | |
Initial | 659 | 5.0459 | 0.66566 | 650 | 5.0334 | 0.74425 |
Metacognitive activities | 659 | 5.3250 | 0.76001 | 650 | 5.3257 | 0.84239 |
Before learning | 659 | 5.2712 | 0.8699 | 650 | 5.2488 | 1.02177 |
During learning | 659 | 5.2705 | 0.81078 | 650 | 5.2646 | 0.91282 |
After learning | 659 | 5.4514 | 0.89823 | 650 | 5.4867 | 0.94253 |
Time management | 659 | 4.5514 | 0.66922 | 650 | 4.5074 | 0.70436 |
Environmental structuring | 659 | 5.4704 | 1.12307 | 650 | 5.4508 | 1.16844 |
Persistence | 659 | 4.5283 | 1.10124 | 650 | 4.5442 | 1.1771 |
Help-seeking | 659 | 4.8483 | 1.17377 | 650 | 4.7897 | 1.18535 |
Middle | 540 | 4.8738 | 0.65979 | 532 | 4.9303 | 0.66906 |
Metacognitive activities | 540 | 5.4219 | 0.79612 | 532 | 5.447 | 0.80416 |
Before learning | 540 | 5.3669 | 0.90974 | 532 | 5.3872 | 0.95929 |
During learning | 540 | 5.5042 | 0.82055 | 532 | 5.4863 | 0.85535 |
After learning | 540 | 5.3898 | 0.97402 | 532 | 5.4709 | 0.95441 |
Time management | 540 | 4.6385 | 0.68647 | 532 | 4.644 | 0.73396 |
Environmental structuring | 540 | 5.8162 | 1.08994 | 532 | 5.7655 | 1.16176 |
Persistence | 540 | 4.5280 | 1.31807 | 532 | 4.6233 | 1.26437 |
Help-seeking | 540 | 3.0179 | 1.45721 | 532 | 3.2481 | 1.49556 |
Final | 528 | 4.8277 | 0.70458 | 522 | 4.9425 | 0.66893 |
Metacognitive activities | 528 | 5.4197 | 0.86996 | 522 | 5.5431 | 0.78254 |
Before learning | 528 | 5.4773 | 1.15885 | 522 | 5.5785 | 1.03237 |
During learning | 528 | 5.4642 | 0.91343 | 522 | 5.5604 | 0.83851 |
After learning | 528 | 5.4772 | 0.98281 | 522 | 5.6110 | 0.90995 |
Time management | 528 | 4.7144 | 0.7323 | 522 | 4.7743 | 0.71627 |
Environmental structuring | 528 | 5.8868 | 1.13273 | 522 | 5.8477 | 1.27467 |
Persistence | 528 | 4.5422 | 1.41641 | 522 | 4.7165 | 1.36476 |
Help-seeking | 528 | 2.5767 | 1.53149 | 522 | 2.7853 | 1.55322 |