Control group

Experimental group

N

Μ

SD

N

M

SD

Initial

659

5.0459

0.66566

650

5.0334

0.74425

Metacognitive activities

659

5.3250

0.76001

650

5.3257

0.84239

­ Before learning

659

5.2712

0.8699

650

5.2488

1.02177

­ During learning

659

5.2705

0.81078

650

5.2646

0.91282

­ After learning

659

5.4514

0.89823

650

5.4867

0.94253

Time management

659

4.5514

0.66922

650

4.5074

0.70436

Environmental structuring

659

5.4704

1.12307

650

5.4508

1.16844

Persistence

659

4.5283

1.10124

650

4.5442

1.1771

Help-seeking

659

4.8483

1.17377

650

4.7897

1.18535

Middle

540

4.8738

0.65979

532

4.9303

0.66906

Metacognitive activities

540

5.4219

0.79612

532

5.447

0.80416

­ Before learning

540

5.3669

0.90974

532

5.3872

0.95929

­ During learning

540

5.5042

0.82055

532

5.4863

0.85535

­ After learning

540

5.3898

0.97402

532

5.4709

0.95441

Time management

540

4.6385

0.68647

532

4.644

0.73396

Environmental structuring

540

5.8162

1.08994

532

5.7655

1.16176

Persistence

540

4.5280

1.31807

532

4.6233

1.26437

Help-seeking

540

3.0179

1.45721

532

3.2481

1.49556

Final

528

4.8277

0.70458

522

4.9425

0.66893

Metacognitive activities

528

5.4197

0.86996

522

5.5431

0.78254

­ Before learning

528

5.4773

1.15885

522

5.5785

1.03237

­ During learning

528

5.4642

0.91343

522

5.5604

0.83851

­ After learning

528

5.4772

0.98281

522

5.6110

0.90995

Time management

528

4.7144

0.7323

522

4.7743

0.71627

Environmental structuring

528

5.8868

1.13273

522

5.8477

1.27467

Persistence

528

4.5422

1.41641

522

4.7165

1.36476

Help-seeking

528

2.5767

1.53149

522

2.7853

1.55322