| At level | At First Difference | ||||||
Variables | Intercept | p-value | Trend and Intercept | p-value | Intercept | p-value | Trend and Intercept | p-value |
LNGDP | −1.3223 | 0.5747 | −1.1901 | 0.8531 | −2.9238 | 0.0804* | −6.1120 | 0.0078*** |
LNIET | −1.6982 | 0.4028 | −1.9824 | 0.5412 | −3.2209 | 0.0528* | −3.3357 | 0.1253 |
LNCT | −6.0859 | 0.0009*** | −4.2987 | 0.0346** | −4.8605 | 0.0057*** | −3.6728 | 0.0926* |
LNFDI | −2.9686 | 0.0720* | −2.6496 | 0.2724 | −3.8207 | 0.0227** | −3.8449 | 0.0683* |