Experiment

Results

Interpretation

Was Expectancy Present?

Experiment 1

Honey bees pushed the lighter cap farther then the heavy cap and did not push the heavier cap with more force.

Bees were not able to expect weight by altering the amount of force they used to push each cap.

No

Experiment 2

When provided with a choice, bees pushed the light cap over the heavy cap.

Honey bees showed a weight preference and therefore were able to differentiate weights.

Yes

Experiment 3

Bees chose the light cap over the heavy cap even when the heavy cap was paired with reward.

Bees were not able to expect reward based on cap weight.

No

Experiment 4

With the addition of punishment, bees still preferred the light cap over the heavy cap.

Honey bees were not able to expect punishment based on cap weight.

No