| Hospital performance indicator | Definition | Effect | Reference |
| Patient Satisfaction (8 studies) | Patient satisfaction | ↓ and ↑ | [32] [49] |
| ↓ | [46] | ||
| ↑ | [1] [16] [42] [43] [48] | ||
| Loyalty | ↑ | [1] | |
| ↓ and ↑ | [32] |