Hospital performance indicator	Definition	Effect	Reference
Efficiency (18 studies)	Length of stay	no effect	[29] [30] [34]
	Length of stay	↓	[15] [35] [36]
	Operating expenses	↑	[6]
		↓ and ↑	[41]
		↓	[2]
	Cost per patient (for example inpatient day or admission)	No effect	[42]
		↓	[30] [36] [38]
		↑	[29]
	Healthcare costs for acute and chronic conditions	↓ and ↑	[5]
	Productivity	↓ and ↑	[39]
	Productivity	↑	[41]
	Other (for example net patient revenue, resource use, waiting times, reduction in CT scans)	↑	[4] [27] [29] [37] [38] [43] [44]
		no effect	[38]