Max

Min

Avg

standard deviation

$\frac{CF{O}_{i.t}}{T{A}_{i,t-1}}$

2.38

−3.22

0.0476

12.26

$\frac{SALE{S}_{i.t}}{T{A}_{i.t-1}}$

22.06

0.03

0.7193

8.36

$\frac{\Delta SALE{S}_{i.t}}{T{A}_{i,t-1}}$

10.65

−1.48

0.1186

9.75

$R{D}_{it}/T{A}_{it-1}$

1.06

0.01

0.0353

8.77

$S_{it-1}/T{A}_{it-1}$

11.42

0.03

0.6009

14.56

${\epsilon }_{it}$ (million)

11,389

−70,086

−204.83

11.35

$RDLI{U}_{it}$ (million)

15,109.7

−22,171

−26.811

9.97