Variables

Test

Statistics

Statistics

Decision

In level

In difference

CO₂ emissions

Levin, Lin et Chu t*

−1.36857*

−4.60110***

I(1)

Im, Pesaran and Shin W-stat

−0.55639

−4.68685***

I(1)

Hadri Z-stat

4.30531***

0.13051***

I(1)

Total population growth

Levin, Lin et Chu t*

−0.70834

−3.56761***

I(1)

Im, Pesaran and Shin W-stat

−2.26728***

−5.04041***

I(1)

Hadri Z-stat

3.46265***

1.47908*

I(1)

Gross fixed capital formation

Levin, Lin et Chu t*

−3.22865***

−12.1400***

I(1)

Im, Pesaran and Shin W-stat

−2.84087***

−9.88112***

I(1)

Hadri Z-stat

6.60668***

12.5084***

I(1)

Energy consumption

Levin, Lin et Chu t*

1.14142

−6.48813***

I(1)

Im, Pesaran and Shin W-stat

−0.02393

−6.25689***

I(1)

Hadri Z-stat

4.99208***

4.56580***

I(1)

Kaufman institutional quality index

Levin, Lin et Chu t*

−1.72777**

−4.68437***

I(1)

Im, Pesaran and Shin W-stat

−1.89340**

−5.73383***

I(1)

Hadri Z-stat

5.50379***

1.49496*

I(1)

Agricultural value added

Levin, Lin et Chu t*

−1.01426

−8.62647***

I(1)

Im, Pesaran and Shin W-stat

0.75905

−7.49072***

I(1)

Hadri Z-stat

5.90398***

7.09878***

I(1)