VARIABLES

Main effect

Spatial

Variance

Direct effect

Indirect effect

Total effect

natural_resource

−0.094***

−0.094***

0.036**

−0.058***

(−3.39)

(−3.26)

(2.45)

(−3.00)

external_conflict

0.327**

0.327**

−0.124**

0.203**

(2.42)

(2.46)

(−2.10)

(2.26)

government_stability

0.695***

0.725***

−0.278***

0.447***

(4.83)

(5.10)

(−2.92)

(4.55)

religious_tensions

−0.696***

−0.712***

0.270**

−0.442***

(−2.67)

(−2.79)

(2.22)

(−2.58)

democratic_accountability

0.677***

0.690***

−0.260***

0.430***

(3.13)

(3.26)

(−2.60)

(2.77)

education

0.006

0.007

−0.003

0.004

(0.53)

(0.58)

(−0.57)

(0.56)

rho

−0.606***

(−2.97)

lambda

0.560***

(6.15)

sigma2_e

37.138***

(21.35)

Observations

1054

1054

1054

1054

1054

1054

Number of id

34

34

34

34

34

34

R2a

0.173

0.173

0.173

0.173

0.173

0.173