Independent

variable

Per capita GDP (log)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

NP_id_t

0.410^***

0.482^***

0.405^***

0.477^***

(0.117)

(0.123)

(0.117)

(0.123)

dummy of poor county

−0.547^***

−0.628^***

−0.537^***

−0.617^***

(0.063)

(0.069)

(0.064)

(0.071)

initial economic level

0.916^***

0.914^***

0.910^***

0.909^***

(0.058)

(0.059)

(0.058)

(0.059)

administrative area

0.052^***

0.045^**

(0.017)

(0.019)

rural population rate

0.001^*

0.001^*

(0.001)

(0.001)

mountain county

−0.079^**

−0.067^**

(0.037)

(0.031)

minority county

0.064^**

0.039

(0.028)

(0.026)

revolutionary base

0.061^*

0.059^**

(0.033)

(0.025)

fixed effects of year

yes

yes

yes

yes

samples

13388

11316

13388

11316

R²

0.674

0.754

0.676

0.755