Independent

variable

Per capita GDP (log)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

NP_id_t

0.183^***

0.172^***

0.226^***

0.545^***

(0.039)

(0.039)

(0.043)

(0.103)

dummy of poor county

−0.840^***

−0.784^***

−0.846^***

−0.892^***

(0.054)

(0.059)

(0.068)

(0.064)

mountain county

−0.189^***

−0.190^***

−0.057^***

(0.064)

(0.066)

(0.020)

minority county

−0.013

−0.020

0.008

(0.057)

(0.061)

(0.023)

revolutionary base

0.157^***

0.178^***

0.051^***

(0.054)

(0.054)

(0.018)

administrative area

0.035^**

0.023^**

(0.016)

(0.010)

rural population rate

0.001

0.000

(0.001)

(0.000)

initial economic level

0.887^***

(0.049)

fixed effects of year

yes

yes

yes

yes

samples

27702

27702

23322

23293

R²

0.225

0.236

0.242

0.754