Variable (reference group) | Category | AOR | 95% CI |
Sex (Female) | Male | 1.33 | (1.02, 1.75)* |
Youth ethnicity (Samoan) | Tongan | 1.11 | (0.81, 1.54) |
| Cook Islands Māori | 0.80 | (0.52, 1.21) |
| Other | 0.56 | (0.36, 0.87)** |
Multiple ethnicities (Yes, but no problem) | Yes, and it’s a problem | 1.68 | (1.11, 2.55)* |
| No, just single ethnicity | 1.18 | (0.82, 1.70) |
Baseline income (Under $20k p.a.) | $20 - 40k | 0.98 | (0.74, 1.31) |
$40k+ | 1.07 | (0.69, 1.66) | |
Unknown | 1.82 | (0.89, 3.73) | |
Household size (2 - 4 members) | 5 - 7 members | 0.94 | (0.64, 1.38) |
| 8 or more | 0.86 | (0.56, 1.32) |
Mother single (No) | Yes | 1.10 | (0.78, 1.55) |
Mother’s education (up to secondary) | Beyond secondary | 1.20 | (0.91, 1.58) |
Mother smokes (No) | Yes | 0.97 | (0.72, 1.30) |
Mother drinks alcohol (No) | Yes | 1.14 | (0.84, 1.56) |
Mother's cultural orientation group (Assimilation) | Separation | 1.30 | (0.87, 1.94) |
| Integration | 0.56 | (0.34, 0.92)* |
| Marginalization | 1.02 | (0.69, 1.49) |
Mother’s GHQ (non-symptomatic) | Symptomatic | 1.33 | (0.94, 1.86) |
Parental involvement† |
| 1.24 | (0.91, 1.70) |
Positive parenting† |
| 0.88 | (0.63, 1.23) |
Poor monitoring/supervision† |
| 1.24 | (0.86, 1.78) |
Inconsistent discipline† |
| 1.06 | (0.83, 1.34) |
Corporal punishment† |
| 1.14 | (0.93, 1.39) |
Previous externalising (No) | Yes | 1.20 | (0.89, 1.60) |
Goes to church (No) | Yes | 0.86 | (0.60, 1.22) |
Language at home (Pacific) | English | 0.94 | (0.69, 1.27) |
Self-perception score† |
| 0.50 | (0.36, 0.71)*** |
Intimate partner violence (No) | Yes | 1.10 | (0.75, 1.62) |
Peer pressure (No) | Yes | 3.20 | (2.25, 4.56)*** |
Special person score† |
| 1.29 | (1.02, 1.61)* |
Family support score† |
| 0.84 | (0.66, 1.07) |
Friend support score† |
| 0.82 | (0.68, 1.00)* |
Teacher evaluation score† |
| 0.79 | (0.63, 0.98)* |
WASI score (standardised)† |
| 0.97 | (0.78, 1.19) |