Variable (reference group)

Category

AOR

95% CI

Sex (Female)

Male

1.33

(1.02, 1.75)^*

Youth ethnicity (Samoan)

Tongan

1.11

(0.81, 1.54)

Cook Islands Māori

0.80

(0.52, 1.21)

Other

0.56

(0.36, 0.87)^**

Multiple ethnicities (Yes, but no problem)

Yes, and it’s a problem

1.68

(1.11, 2.55)^*

No, just single ethnicity

1.18

(0.82, 1.70)

Baseline income (Under $20k p.a.)

$20 - 40k

0.98

(0.74, 1.31)

$40k+

1.07

(0.69, 1.66)

Unknown

1.82

(0.89, 3.73)

Household size (2 - 4 members)

5 - 7 members

0.94

(0.64, 1.38)

8 or more

0.86

(0.56, 1.32)

Mother single (No)

Yes

1.10

(0.78, 1.55)

Mother’s education (up to secondary)

Beyond secondary

1.20

(0.91, 1.58)

Mother smokes (No)

Yes

0.97

(0.72, 1.30)

Mother drinks alcohol (No)

Yes

1.14

(0.84, 1.56)

Mother's cultural orientation group (Assimilation)

Separation

1.30

(0.87, 1.94)

Integration

0.56

(0.34, 0.92)^*

Marginalization

1.02

(0.69, 1.49)

Mother’s GHQ (non-symptomatic)

Symptomatic

1.33

(0.94, 1.86)

Parental involvement^†

1.24

(0.91, 1.70)

Positive parenting^†

0.88

(0.63, 1.23)

Poor monitoring/supervision^†

1.24

(0.86, 1.78)

Inconsistent discipline^†

1.06

(0.83, 1.34)

Corporal punishment^†

1.14

(0.93, 1.39)

Previous externalising (No)

Yes

1.20

(0.89, 1.60)

Goes to church (No)

Yes

0.86

(0.60, 1.22)

Language at home (Pacific)

English

0.94

(0.69, 1.27)

Self-perception score^†

0.50

(0.36, 0.71)^***

Intimate partner violence (No)

Yes

1.10

(0.75, 1.62)

Peer pressure (No)

Yes

3.20

(2.25, 4.56)^***

Special person score^†

1.29

(1.02, 1.61)^*

Family support score^†

0.84

(0.66, 1.07)

Friend support score^†

0.82

(0.68, 1.00)^*

Teacher evaluation score^†

0.79

(0.63, 0.98)^*

WASI score (standardised)^†

0.97

(0.78, 1.19)