Variable | Level | N | (%) |
Sex | Female | 481 | (51) |
| Male | 469 | (49) |
Youth ethnicity | Samoan | 450 | (47) |
| Tongan | 218 | (23) |
| Cook Islands Maori | 136 | (14) |
| Other | 146 | (15) |
Belonging to multiple ethnic groups | Yes, but no difficulties | 194 | (20) |
| Yes, and it causes difficulties | 178 | (19) |
| No, single ethnic group | 578 | (61) |
Baseline income (NZD p.a.) | Under $20k | 318 | (34) |
| From $20k but under $40k | 486 | (51) |
| $40k and over | 118 | (12) |
| Unknown | 28 | (3) |
Mother single | Yes | 200 | (21) |
Mother’s education | Up to secondary | 505 | (53) |
| Beyond secondary | 440 | (47) |
Mother smokes | Yes (any) | 314 | (33) |
Maternal alcohol consumption | Yes (any) | 351 | (37) |
Maternal acculturation | Assimilation | 398 | (42) |
| Separation | 277 | (29) |
| Integration | 96 | (10) |
| Marginalization | 175 | (19) |
Maternal psychological distress | Non symptomatic | 793 | (84) |
| Symptomatic | 155 | (16) |
Externalising child behavior | Yes | 256 | (27) |
Intimate partner violence | Yes | 127 | (13) |