| Material properties | λ W·m−1·K−1 | ρ (kg·m−3) | cp J·kg−1·K−1 | ρcp kJ·m−1·K−1 | ηdchg (%) | Tmax (˚C) |
| 1. Rocks |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| River pebble [44] |
| 2713.6 |
|
|
|
|
| Pea pebble [44] | 1.2 | 2506.3 |
|
|
|
|
| Sand and quartzite [45] | 5.5 | 2600 | 973 (200˚C) | / | / |
|
| quartzite [26] | 5.69 | 2500 | 830 | 2075 | 90.43 | 650 |
| Dune sand [35] [46] [47] | 1 | 2600 - 2660 | 926 | / | / | 600 |
| River sand | // | // | // | // | // | // |
| Quartzitic sandstone [42] | 5 | 2733 | 652 25˚C | 1783 (25˚C) |
| 650 |
| Rhyolite [42] | 2.3 | 2601 | 785 at 25˚C | 2045 (25˚C) | / | 650 |
| Silicate sand | // | // | // | // | // | 600 |
| 2. Developed materials |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| HighTemp concrete [26] | 1 | 2750 | 780 | 2519 | 91.69 | ≥370 |
| From ash and clay | 0.75 - 0.96 | 1720 - 2140 (R.D) |
| 1700 - 1995 | / | 1000 |
| From laterite |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Aluminium ceramic [26] | 30 | 3750 | 916 | 295 | 90.03 | ≥370 |
| S.C ceramic [26] | 120 | 3210 | 750 | 2407.5 | 90.70 |
|
| Den stone ceramic pebbles [33] |
|
| 700 | 1300 |
| 900 |
| Laterite ceramic [48] | 1.1 - 2.5 |
| 700 | 1300 |
| 900 |
| Industrial waste |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cast iron [26] | 29.3 | 7900 | 837 | 6612.3 | 89.7 | ≥370 |
| ACW ceramic [49] | 2.1 - 2.4 | 3120 | 800 - 1034 | 2496 - 3226 | / | 1200 |