Risk factor

Diabetic group

(N = 126) (%)

Control group

(N = 126) (%)

OR (95%CI)

P-value

Age > 30 years

Family history of diabetes

Obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m²)

History of macrosomia (wt > 4 kg)

Recurrent glycosuria

Previous unexplained neonatal death

Unexplained recurrent > 2 miscarriages

Previous congenital malformations

History of polyhydramnious

History of stillbirth

72 (57.1)

86 (68.3)

79 (62.7)

67 (53.2)

80 (63.5)

12 (9.5)

15 (11.9)

10 (7.9)

23 (18.3)

14 (11.1)

61 (48.4)

23 (18.3)

14 (11.1)

23 (18.3)

8 (6.3)

0 (0)

4 (3.2)

7 (5.6)

5 (3.9)

6 (4.8)

1.4 (0.86 - 2.33)

9.6 (5.35 - 17.32)

13.4 (6.93 - 26.09)

5.1 (2.87 - 9.01)

25.7 (11.5 - 57.24)

-

4.1 (1.33 - 12.79)

1.5 (0.54 - 3.98)

5.4 (1.98 - 14.72)

2.5 (0.93 - 6.73)

0.16

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

-

0.009

0.45

0.0003

0.06