species

examples

habitat

tree

climbing

bipedal

walking/

running

division of labor

brain

size cc

gestural

language

vocal

language

great apes

chimpanzee, bonobo

forest

yes

no/no

none

small

275 - 500 cc

intermediate

primitive

early hominins

Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus

mixed forest-woodland

yes

yes/no

forest group-woodland group

small

300 - 550 cc

intermediate

intermediate

early Homos

Homo habilis, Homo naledi

mixed woodland-savanna

yes

yes/no

woodland group-savanna group

small

450 - 650 cc

intermediate

intermediate

middle Homos

Homo erectus

savanna

no

yes/yes

gatherer group-hunter group

medium

750 - 1225 cc

advanced

intermediate

late Homos

Homo sapiens, Neanderthals

fluctuating savanna

no

yes/yes

gatherer group-hunter group

large human average 1350 cc

advanced

advanced