| species | controllable vocal language | controllable gestural language | critical evolutionary change | language evolutionary change |
| songbirds and cetaceans | intermediate | primitive |
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| monkeys | primitive | primitive |
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| great apes | primitive | intermediate |
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| early hominins and early Homos | intermediate | intermediate | disorientation-prone from the separation of the two groups by division of labor | vocal territory locator to reduce disorientation |
| middle Homos | intermediate | advanced | hunting meat to increase the brain size for complex information processing | complex gestural language to express complex information processing |
| late Homos | advanced | advanced | new FOXP2 for vocal language procedural learning to improve vocal language | the emergency of advanced vocal language |