|
| Road | IWW | Rail |
| Levin (1978) [11] | − | − | −0.25 to −0.35 |
| Oum (1979) [12] | −0.41 to −1.07 | − | −0.46 to −1.20 |
| Friedlander and Spady (1980) [13] | −0.14 to −1.72 | − | −1.45 to −4.01 |
| Friedlander and Spady (1981) [14] | −0.83 to −1.81 | − | −0.37 to −1.16 |
| Kim (1987) [15] | −0.10 to −1.24 | − | −0.12 to −1.73 |
| Oum (1989) [16] | −0.69 | − | −0.60 |
| Beuthe et al. (2001) [17] | 0.00 to −3.61 | −0.04 to −10.5 | −0.06 to −4.42 |
| de Jong (2003) [18] | −0.40 to −1.01 | − | −1.40 to −3.87 |
| Rich et al. (2011) [19] | −0.01 to −0.13 | − | −0.10 to −0.40 |
| Beuthe et al. (2014) [1] | −0.01 to −0.83 | −0.39 to −0.99 | −0.54 to −1.00 |
| This paper (Benelux+) | −2.31 to −0.17 | −0.07 to −3.49 | −0.62 to −4.74 |
|
| −0.42 | −0.95 | −1.55 |