Functionalization

Experimental strategy

Material characteristics

Application

Reference

Oxidation

Controlled reactions on-OH groups of C-2 and

C-3 with sodium periodate

Cleavage of carbon-carbon bond of cis-diol groups and formation of acetal groups

Powerful material for tissue engineering,

Drug-controlled delivery systems

[164] [165]

Sulfation

Reaction of sodium alginate with a sulfating agent (N (SO₃Na)₃)

Sodium alginate sulfate with DS of 1.87

Anticoagulant activity

[166]

Reaction with ClSO₃H in formamide

Alginate sulfate and its quaterized derivatives

Anticoagulant activity and potential application as anti-HIV

[167]

Reductive-amination of oxidized alginate

Synthesis of APSs with a linear alkyl group (C8, C12, C16)

Low interfacial tension value

Surfactant activity and adsorption of heavy metal

[168]

Syntheseis of (HM-alginate) via reaction of sodium alginate with dodecyl glycidyl ether

Zeta-potential of HM-alginate higher than that of sodium alginate. Very low viscosity

Ecology-safe material to encapsulate lipophilic substances

[169]

Copolymerization

Synthesis of a copolymer of sodium acrylate with sodium alginate

Water absorbency of the hydrogel ≥ 85 times its own mass

Superabsorbent resistant to salinesolution

[170]

Microwave-initiated

synthesis of

SA-g-PAM

M_W and Intrinsic viscosity greater than that of SAG.

Polymeric flocculant

[171]

Graft copolymerization of VSA onto alginate in the presence of (PDP)/thiourea

Thermally more stable than alginate

Metal ion sorption, Flocculant, Resistant to biodegradability

[172]

Esterification

Synthesis of derivatives of sodium alginate, by chemical binding of long alkyl chains onto alginate backbone via ester functions

Increasing of the hydrophobic nature of native alginate

Protein carrier with High encapsulation yields and important release properties

[173]

Esterification of alginate by butanol

Very stable material with gelling and non-toxic properties

Encapsulation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules

[174]

Ugi reaction

Sodium alginate dissolved in water + formaldehyde, octylamine and cyclohexyl isocyanide

Self-aggregated micelles with high thermal stability and good amphiphilic functionality

High potential in pharmacology and tissue engineering

[175]

Crosslinking

Preparation of poly (AA-co AM)/(SA) interpenetrating polymer network

1) Synthesis of a semi-IPN by copolymerization

2) Crosslinking with Bis

IPN with a superporous structure, good mechanical properties, pH sensitivity

Potential candidate in the field of

Drug delivery system

[176]

Preparation of poly (AA)/(SA) interpenetrating polymer network

1) Synthesis of SA beads

2) Synthesis of hydrogels hybrids by polymerization of AA and crosslinking

Strong and elastic superporous hydrogel, high network density, good mechanical properties

Various pharmaceutical, biomedical and industrial applications

[177]