| Categorical variables | Total samples (n = 384) | Off-farm (N = 44) | Non-farm (N = 184) | |||||
| Freq | % | Freq | % | |||||
| Sex | Male = 1 | 312 (81.3%) | 26 | 8.3 | 155 | 49.7 | ||
| Irrigation | User = 1 | 142 (37%) | 8 | 5.6 | 75 | 52.8 | ||
| Erosion | Yes = 1 | 227 (59.1) | 24 | 10.6 | 128 | 56.4 | ||
| Fertilizer | User = 1 | 117 (30.5%) | 70 | 59.8 | 4 | 3.4 | ||
| Market av. | Yes = 1 | 32 (8.3) | 30 | 93.8 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Drought | Yes = 1 | 184 (47.9%) | 5 | 2.7 | 131 | 71.2 | ||
| ICT | Yes = 1 | 245 (63.8) | 10 | 4.1 | 176 | 71.8 | ||
| Training | Yes = 1 | 179 (46.6) | 19 | 1.6 | 98 | 79.9 | ||
| Credit | Yes = 1 | 52 (13.5) | 1 | 1.9 | 39 | 75 | ||
| Extension contact | Never = 0 | 97 (25.3%) | 19 | 19.6 | 15 | 15.5 | ||
| Rarely = 1 | 146 (38%) | 21 | 14.4 | 67 | 45.9 | |||
| Often = 2 | 138 (35.9%) | 4 | 2.9 | 102 | 73.9 | |||
| Continuous variables | Total samples N = 384 | Off-farm | Non-farm | Independent Sample t-test | ||||
| Mean | Std.dev | Mean | Std. dev | Mean | Std.dev | |||
| Age | 43.29 | 8.518 | 45.86 | 6.190 | 39.87 | 8.414 | 6.875 | |
| Education | 4.58 | 3.353 | 2.11 | 2.738 | 6.26 | 3.215 | −6.487*** | |
| Dep. Ratio | 1.34 | 0.182 | 2.36 | 1.88 | 1.35 | 0.205 | 8.721*** | |
| Land | 1.07 | 0.541 | 0.95 | 0.284 | 0.99 | 0.479 | 4.635*** | |
| Livestock | 2.06 | 2.473 | 1.47 | 1.987 | 1.65 | 2.350 | 5.613** | |
| Total income | 110,475.86 | 42,570.610 | 79,291.59 | 17,913.150 | 136,712.97 | 35,745.127 | 7.341*** | |