Decision variables

$Z_{ij}$ The number of order quantity of product j delivered to plant i with allocated warehouse.

${\left(NS\right)}_i$ The number of shipments to plant i with allocated warehouse.

#Math_27# Safety stock level at the plant i with allocated warehouse for j product.

$P_{di}$ 1 if the delivery of shipment is delivered directly to plant i, otherwise 0.

$P_{wi}$ 1 if there is a warehouse facility for plant i, otherwise 0.

$L_{oi}$ Level of LoRaWAN investment for efficiency of ordering for plant i with the allocated warehouse.

${\left(OE\right)}_i$ The degree of the ordering cost is reduced by LoRaWAN investment $L_{oi}$ at the plant i based on the efficiency of ordering [8] .

${\left(HE\right)}_i$ The degree of the holding cost is reduced by LoRaWAN investment $L_{hi}$ at the plant i based on the efficiency of holding [8] .

$K_{oi}$ 1 if LoRaWAN technology is installed for the efficiency of ordering at the assigned warehouse.

$K_{hi}$ 1 if LoRaWAN technology is installed for the efficiency of holding at the assigned warehouse.

$L_{hi}$ Level of LoRaWAN investment for efficiency of holding for plant i with the allocated warehouse