Category of ultrasound

Properties

Frequency range

Intensity

Effect of ultrasound

Appropriate application

Reference

Low-frequency, high-power ultrasound

20 - 100 kHz

Above 1 W/cm²

Physical, chemical & biochemical effects influenced by strong cavitation

Emulsification & homogenization

[18]

[19]

Intermediate frequency-medium power ultrasound

100 kHz - 1 MHz

1 W/cm²

Peak sonochemical effects

Initiate chemical modifications in food systems

High-frequency, low power ultrasound

1 - 10 MHz

Below 1 W/cm²

Gentle physical effects

Non-invasive analysis

Monitoring food materials

Separations of multi-component mixtures

[20]