Male (N = 374)

Questionnaire items

Answer

No.

Participants

Mean

95% CI

p-value

Making oneself gorge on a meal

Everyday

114

13.4

(12.6 to 14.2)

-

5 - 6 times/week

172

13.2

(12.6 to 13.8)

0.99

3 - 4 times/week

68

13.6

(12.5 to 14.6)

0.99

≤2 times/week

20

11.3

(9.3 to 13.2)

0.33

Having ≥2 different staple foods

≥3 times/week

119

13.4

(12.6 to 14.2)

-

per meal

≤2 times/week

255

13.1

(12.6 to 13.6)

0.53

Having a 1-dish meal

≥3 times/week

242

13.5

(12.9 to 14)

-

≤2 times/week

132

12.8

(12.0 to 13.5)

0.14

Number of simmered dishes per day

≥4 servings

13

16.1

(13.8 to 18.4)

-

2 - 3 servings

114

13.0

(12.2 to 13.8)

0.07

1 serving

182

13.6

(13.0 to 14.2)

0.25

≤1 serving/2 days

65

11.8

(10.8 to 12.9)

0.005

Number of soups per day

≥3 servings

39

13.4

(12.1 to 14.7)

-

2 servings

121

13.4

(12.7 to 14.2)

0.99

1 serving

170

13.2

(12.6 to 13.9)

0.99

≤1 serving/2 days

44

12.3

(11.0 to 13.5)

0.99

Types of pickled vegetables per day

≥2 types

73

13.7

(12.7 to 14.7)

-

1 type

159

13.3

(12.7 to 14)

0.99

≤1/2 days

142

12.9

(12.1 to 13.6)

0.62

Having salt-cured fish eggs per day

≥1 time

97

13.6

(12.8 to 14.5)

-

≤1 serving/2 days

277

13.1

(12.6 to 13.6)

0.25

Having salty snacks per day

≥2 times

12

12.9

(10.5 to 15.3)

-

1 time

150

12.9

(12.2 to 13.6)

0.99

≤1/2 days

212

13.5

(12.9 to 14.0)

0.99

Quantity of soup consumed when eating noodles

≥1/3

352

13.3

(12.9 to 13.7)

-

very little

22

11.7

(9.9 to 13.5)

0.09

Addition of seasoning to cooked dishes

Yes

266

13.3

(12.7 to 13.8)

-

No

108

13.1

(12.3 to 13.9)

0.78

Preference for strong-tasting meals

Yes

181

13.5

(12.9 to 14.1)

-

No

193

12.9

(12.3 to 13.5)

0.17

Frequency of using delicatessen food

≥2 times/week

146

13.0

(12.4 to 13.7)

-

≤1 time/week

228

13.3

(12.8 to 13.9)

0.55

Frequency of eating out

≥2 times/week

145

13.7

(13.0 to 14.4)

-

≤1 time/week

229

12.9

(12.3 to 13.4)

0.06