| No Alum in Raw Water | No Alum in DI Water | 15 mg/L Alum in DI water | 30mg/L Alum in DI water | 45 mg/L Alum in DI water | 60 mg/L Alum in DI water |
PVP Ag NPs | −9.2 ±5.7 | −2.6 ±11.6 | −0.8 ±8.1 | −0.3 ±7.1 | −0.15 ±7.4 | −1.2 ±8.9 |
BPEI Ag NPs | −3.2 ±4.9 | +36.1 ±16.6 | +9.6 ±9.6 | +11.6 ±7.5 | +10.8 ±12.2 | +11.9 ±7.9 |
Citrate Ag NPs | −13.6 ±6.3 | −36.9 ±6.7 | −12.1 ±14.1 | −10.4 ±5.7 | −7.2 ±4.7 | +5.9 ±1.2 |