No Alum in Raw Water

No Alum in DI Water

15 mg/L Alum in DI water

30mg/L Alum in DI water

45 mg/L Alum in DI water

60 mg/L Alum in DI water

PVP Ag NPs

−9.2

±5.7

−2.6

±11.6

−0.8

±8.1

−0.3

±7.1

−0.15

±7.4

−1.2

±8.9

BPEI Ag NPs

−3.2

±4.9

+36.1

±16.6

+9.6

±9.6

+11.6

±7.5

+10.8

±12.2

+11.9

±7.9

Citrate Ag NPs

−13.6

±6.3

−36.9

±6.7

−12.1

±14.1

−10.4

±5.7

−7.2

±4.7

+5.9

±1.2